Direct answer

Limited liability is real until unpaid capital, asset mixing or abuse makes it personal.

Shareholders of a limited company are in principle liable only to the extent of their subscribed capital. That protection fails in familiar ways: unpaid contributions (now on a five-year clock), accelerated contribution when the company cannot pay debts, mixing of personal and company assets, and statutory abuse of the corporate form. One-person companies get extra scrutiny. Directors’ duties are a different personal-risk stack. This page is shareholder exposure. LR risk stays on its live URL. Do not treat a WFOE as a firewall for a nominee who never paid in.

The classification screen

4 questions before you choose the route.

This page identifies the right question and evidence. It does not determine the legal outcome on a reader’s facts.

01

Is subscribed capital unpaid?

Five-year plus acceleration.

Unpaid
02

Are assets mixed?

One bank card for group and founder.

Mix
03

One-person company?

Extra proof burden.

One
04

Are you also LR/director?

Second stack of duties.

Hat

Working rule: Map the regulated role before marketing or launch in China.

What changes the answer

The signal ledger.

These facts move the question beyond a label and into a product, money-flow and control analysis.

Signal
Ask the operating question
Why it changes the route
Licence as shield
Huge unpaid capital, tiny operations.
Creditor target.
Group treasury soup
All affiliates, one account.
Mixing.
Blame the LR only
Shareholders walking away from unpaid subs.
Both can be in play.
Prepare before you escalate

Bring a compact evidence docket—not a pitch deck.

Give a compliance team or counsel the operating facts that reveal the perimeter.

01AOA subscription vs paid-inThe gap.
02Bank and chop recordsWho treated assets as personal.
03Guarantees the shareholder signedSeparate contract liability.
Common confusions

Questions people ask before they build.

Short answers for orientation. The right result can change with the service model and current rules.

Does a parent automatically guarantee the WFOE?

Not by Company Law. Many landlords and banks still demand a parent guarantee — that is contract.

Is this veil piercing like Delaware?

Related idea, different statute. PRC cases turn on mixing, abuse and unpaid capital.

Primary authorities

Reviewed sources support orientation, not a fact-specific assessment.

PRC Company Law (NPC laws database)
SAMR
Gov.cn
National laws database (NPC)